The transcript discusses the advancements and benefits of capsicum cultivation under protected conditions, highlighting how it has transitioned from being an elite farming practice to a profitable venture for small and marginal farmers in India. Through the efforts of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, this cultivation method has been adapted to tropical climates, providing economic growth and livelihood security while meeting the increased demand for high-quality capsicums.
Capsicum Cultivation: A Profitable Venture for Farmers
Capsicum, also known as sweet pepper or bell pepper, is a high-value vegetable crop that has gained popularity among farmers. Traditionally grown in open fields, capsicum has seen a remarkable transformation with the advent of protected cultivation technology. This method has allowed even small and marginal farmers to embark on a profitable venture, ensuring livelihood security and economic growth.
The Evolution of Capsicum Cultivation
Capsicum has been cultivated for ages under open conditions, with an average yield ranging from 30 to 40 tons per hectare. However, the introduction of protected cultivation has brought a new dimension to capsicum farming. Initially, this method was limited to wealthy farmers due to its high costs in terms of establishment, maintenance, and seed expenses. Today, thanks to the efforts of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research in Bangalore, protected cultivation has become accessible to small and marginal farmers. By refining the technology and reducing costs, this method is now suitable for tropical and subtropical climates, making it affordable and profitable.
The Rise of Protected Cultivation
With changing lifestyles and increased consumer purchasing power, there is a growing demand for high-quality red, yellow, and green capsicum. This demand comes from star hotels, restaurant chains, and retail outlets in urban areas. To meet this demand, the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research has been instrumental in promoting protected cultivation. They provide training, guidance, and consultancy services to farmers, encouraging the construction of suitable protected structures.
Types of Protected Structures
There are three primary types of protected structures used for capsicum cultivation:
- Insect-Proof Shade Net Houses: These use granite stone pillars and provide protection from pests.
- Cost-Effective Wooden Poly Houses: These are built using wooden poles and are more affordable.
- Naturally Ventilated Poly Houses: Constructed with GI pipes and UV-stabilized polyethylene sheets.Selecting the right site for these structures is crucial. They should be away from obstructions like trees and buildings, on level ground, and in areas with moderate wind loads. The ideal temperature for capsicum production ranges between 25 to 35°C during the day and 18 to 20°C at night, with relative humidity levels of 50 to 60%.
Capsicum Varieties and Soil Requirements
Commonly cultivated varieties include green, red, and yellow indeterminate hybrid capsicum. These hybrids thrive in well-drainable sandy loam soil, which serves as the best growing medium. Adding well-decomposed farmyard manure and sterilizing the soil with formalin ensures a healthy start. Drip irrigation systems further enhance growth by providing efficient water and nutrient delivery.
Planting and Maintenance
Capsicum seedlings, about 35 days old, are transplanted into the prepared fields. Regular maintenance, including adequate irrigation and fertigation, is crucial for optimal growth. Training and pruning of plants improve yield quality while aiding in pest and disease management.
Pest and Disease Management
Pests like thrips, mites, and nematodes can affect capsicum crops, causing significant damage. Effective management involves integrated pest control strategies, including cultural practices, biological agents, and need-based chemical interventions.
Harvesting and Marketing
Capsicum fruits are harvested manually, with green fruits ready at 65 to 70 days and colored fruits at 80 to 85 days after planting. Post-harvest, fruits are graded based on size and quality. The Indian Institute of Horticulture Research has developed shrink-wrapping technology to extend capsicum shelf life, making it viable for longer storage and transportation.
Economic Benefits for Farmers
A farmer investing in protected cultivation, whether in a poly or net house, can expect a return on investment within 1 to 2 years. With the right marketing networks and supply chains, farmers can realize significant profits while contributing to the nation’s demand for quality capsicums.
Conclusion
Capsicum cultivation in protected conditions is a success story, offering economic growth and sustainability for small and marginal farmers. With the support of the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research and the adoption of advanced farming techniques, farmers can secure their livelihoods and contribute to the agricultural industry’s growth.
